Rosa roxburghii

陆承志

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Rosa roxburghii

Common name:	Sweet chestnut rose	Family:	Rosaceae
Author:	Tratt.	Botanical references:	11, 200
Synonyms:
Known Hazards:	There is a layer of hairs around the seeds just beneath the flesh of the fruit. These hairs can cause irritation to the mouth and digestive tract if ingested.
Range:	E. Asia - China, Himalayas.
Habitat:	Waysides and semi-arid river valleys[11].
Plants For A Future Rating (1-5):	2

Other Possible Synonyms:	From various places across the web, may not be correct. Seebelow.
	R. microphylla[G]
Other Range Info:	From theEthnobotany Database
	China

Physical CharacteristicsA decidious shrub growing to 1.2m by 1.2m . It is hardy to zone 5. It is in flower in June, and the seeds ripen in August. The scented flowers are hermaphrodite (he both male and female organs) and are pollinated by Bees. We rate it 2 out of 5 for usefulness.
The plant prefers light (sandy), medium (loamy) and hey (clay) soils, requires well-drained soil and can grow in hey clay and nutritionally poor soils. The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It requires moist soil.
Habitats and Possible LocationsWoodland, Sunny Edge, Dappled Shade.
Edible UsesFruit; Seed.
Fruit - raw or cooked[177]. The fruits are aromatic and very spiny, they remain greenish even when ripe[214]. The fruit is up to 4cm long[200], but there is only a thin layer of flesh surrounding the many seeds[K]. Some care has to be taken when eating this fruit, see the notes above on known hazards.

The seed is a good source of vitamin E, it can be ground into a powder and mixed with flour or added to other foods as a supplement[102, 183]. Be sure to remove the seed hairs[102]. Medicinal UsesDisclaimer
Astringent; Cancer. The plant is rich in tannins and is used as an astringent[218].

The fruit of many members of this genus is a very rich source of vitamins and minerals, especially in vitamins A, C and E, flanoids and other bio-active compounds. It is also a fairly good source of essential fatty acids, which is fairly unusual for a fruit. It is being investigated as a food that is capable of reducing the incidence of cancer and also as a means of halting or reversing the growth of cancers[214]. Other UsesNone known
Cultivation detailsSucceeds in most soils[11], preferring a circumneutral soil and a sunny position[200]. Succeeds in poor sandy soils[214]. Grows well in hey clay soils. Dislikes water-logged soils[200].

This species was first described from a double-flowered form, so the typical species (which is single-flowered) is called R. roxburghii normalis[214].

The flowers he a fruity perfume[245]. The mature fruits smell like ripe pineapples[245].

Grows well with alliums, parsley, mignonette and lupins[18, 20]. Garlic planted nearby can help protect the plant from disease and insect predation[18, 20]. Grows badly with boxwood[18].

Hybridizes freely with other members of this genus[80].

Plants in this genus are notably susceptible to honey fungus[200].
PropagationSeed. Rose seed often takes two years to germinate. This is because it may need a warm spell of weather after a cold spell in order to mature the embryo and reduce the seedcoat[80]. One possible way to shorten this time is to scarify the seed and then place it for 2 - 3 weeks in damp peat at a temperature of 27 - 32°c (by which time the seed should he imbibed). It is then kept at 3°c for the next 4 months by which time it should be starting to germinate[80]. Alternatively, it is possible that seed harvested 'green' (when it is fully developed but before it has dried on the plant) and sown immediately will germinate in the late winter. This method has not as yet(1988) been fully tested[80]. Seed sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame sometimes germinates in spring though it may take 18 months[K]. Stored seed should be sown as early in the year as possible and stratified for 6 weeks at 5°c[200]. It may take 2 years to germinate[200]. Prick out the seedlings into individual pots when they are large enough to handle. Plant out in the summer if the plants are more than 25cm tall, otherwise grow on in a cold frame for the winter and plant out in late spring.

Cuttings of half-ripe wood with a heel, July in a shaded frame. Overwinter the plants in the frame and plant out in late spring[78]. High percentage[78].

Cuttings of mature wood of the current seasons growth. Select pencil thick shoots in early autumn that are about 20 - 25cm long and plant them in a sheltered position outdoors or in a cold frame[78, 200]. The cuttings can take 12 months to establish but a high percentage of them normally succeed[78].

Division of suckers in the dormant season. Plant them out direct into their permanent positions.

Layering. Takes 12 months[11].
ScentFruit: Fresh The mature fruits smell like ripe pineapples[245]. Flowers: Fresh The flowers he a fruity perfume[245]. Web References

• [E] Ethnobotany Data (common names, uses, countries) from the Ethnobotany Database (sadly ftp only. The searchable web pages he been pulled).
• [G]Data(Common Names, Uses, Distribution) from the USDA/ARS NPGS'sGRINtaxonomic database.
• [G]Data(Common Names, Uses, Distribution) from the USDA/ARS NPGS'sGRINtaxonomic database.
• [HP]Links, Photos, SuppliersfromHortiplexPlant Database

See thePFAF Links Pagesfor other sources or theThe Gathererwhere you can search many other sources all in one go.
References[K] Ken Fern
Notes from observations, tasting etc at Plants For A Future and on field trips. [11] Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981
A classic with a wealth of information on the plants, but poor on pictures. [18] Philbrick H. and Gregg R. B. Companion Plants. Watkins 1979
Details of beneficial and antagonistic relationships between neighbouring plants. [20] Riotte. L. Companion Planting for Successful Gardening. Garden Way, Vermont, USA. 1978 ISBN 0-88266-064-0
Fairly good. [78] Sheat. W. G. Propagation of Trees, Shrubs and Conifers. MacMillan and Co 1948
A bit dated but a good book on propagation techniques with specific details for a wide range of plants. [80] McMillan-Browse. P. Hardy Woody Plants from Seed. Grower Books 1985 ISBN 0-901361-21-6
Does not deal with many species but it is very comprehensive on those that it does cover. Not for casual reading. [102] Kasch. B. Native Harvests. Vintage Books 1979 ISBN 0-394-72811-4
Another guide to the wild foods of America. [177] Kunkel. G. Plants for Human Consumption. Koeltz Scientific Books 1984 ISBN 3874292169
An excellent book for the dedicated. A comprehensive listing of latin names with a brief list of edible parts. [183] Facciola. S. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications 1990 ISBN 0-9628087-0-9
Excellent. Contains a very wide range of conventional and unconventional food plants (including tropical) and where they can be obtained (mainly N. American nurseries but also research institutes and a lot of other nurseries from around the world. [200] Huxley. A. The New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. 1992. MacMillan Press 1992 ISBN 0-333-47494-5
Excellent and very comprehensive, though it contains a number of silly mistakes. Readable yet also very detailed. [214] Matthews. V. The New Plantsman. Volume 1, 1994. Royal Horticultural Society 1994 ISBN 1352-4186
A quarterly magazine, it has articles on Himalayacalamus hookerianus, hardy Euphorbias and an excellent article on Hippophae spp. [218] Duke. J. A. and Ayensu. E. S. Medicinal Plants of China Reference Publications, Inc. 1985 ISBN 0-917256-20-4
Details of over 1,200 medicinal plants of China and brief details of their uses. Often includes an analysis, or at least a list of constituents. Hey going if you are not into the subject. [245] Genders. R. Scented Flora of the World. Robert Hale. London. 1994 ISBN 0-7090-5440-8
An excellent, comprehensive book on scented plants giving a few other plant uses and brief cultivation details. There are no illustrations.
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陆承志

What Is Cili
Cili fruit, or Rosa roxburghii Tratt as it is known scientifically, holds a brilliant orange-yellow color when ripe. It has been used for centuries, to enhance energy and treat a variety of illnesses. The Cili fruit has more vitamin C than any other fruit known to exist. In fact, cili fruit (Rosa roxburghii Tratt) contains at least sixty times more vitamin C than that of oranges.

Cili fruit also contains many other vitamins, polyphenols, polysaccharides, bio-flonoids, carotenoids and roxburghic acids. Polyphenols found in cili fruit, like those found in red wine, may help prevent heart disease and cancer.

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