美国无核葡萄品种

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Seedless Grapes

葡萄育种家回应消费者的喜好与众多优良品种的发展无籽葡萄。

Grape breeders have responded to consumer preferences for seedless grapes with the development of numerous improved varieties.

在葡萄无核性状原系起源古老 ， 从品种 ， 如无核白 ， 黑Monukka。

The seedless trait in grapes was originally derived from cultivars of ancient origin such as Thompson Seedless and Black Monukka.

最适合于美国东部合适的无籽葡萄杂交后代这两个品种。

Most seedless grapes suitable for the eastern United States are descended from crosses with these two cultivars.

由于在品种性状起源不适合生存的纽约冬季气温寒冷，许多无核品种不够冬季hardy中（表2），尽管它们非常强壮的父母比他们的无籽。

Because the trait originated in cultivars not suitable for surviving the cold temperatures of New York winters, many seedless varieties are not sufficiently winter hardy (Table 2), although they are much hardier than their seedless parents.

最近命名[url=http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?hl=zh-CN&sl=en&tl=zh-CN&u=http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/hort/faculty/reisch/bulletin/table/tabletext3.html&rurl=translate.google.com&anno=2&usg=ALkJrhigHN9RFoKwrezwVJ646dawVaUecQ#canadice]（Canadice，Einset无籽[/url] ，信赖和凡妮莎）无籽品种 ， 占了抗寒性显着改善。

More recently named seedless cultivars (Canadice,Einset Seedless,Reliance, andVanessa) represent a distinct improvement in cold hardiness.

育种计划在纽约，安大略省，阿肯色，和其他地方继续改进生产和质量抗寒无籽选择。

Breeding programs in New York, Ontario, Arkansas, and elsewhere continue to produce seedless selections with improved hardiness and quality.

来自纽约的计划有希望的选择是可用于测试目的。

Promising selections from the New York program areavailablefor test purposes only.

对无核程度参差不齐无核葡萄品种。

The degree of seedlessness varies greatly among seedless grape varieties.

大多数无核葡萄种子残留的痕迹 ， 在尺寸范围从非常从小到大 ， 显着。

Most seedless grapes have vestigial seed traces that range in size from very small to large and noticeable.

在同一品种果实种子的痕迹 ， 可能有很大差异的大小和在其种皮硬度。

Seed traces in berries of the same variety may vary greatly in size and in the hardness of their seed coats.

气候也称为种子跟踪影响的大小。

Climate is also known to affect seed trace size.

有时候 ， 在一些无核葡萄种子痕迹之大 ， 令人烦恼的消费者。

Occasionally the seed traces in some seedless grapes are large enough to be bothersome to consumers.

种子残存的大小给出票据品种出现了问题。

Notes on seed remnant sizes are given for varieties in which problems exist.

	Canadice冬季更比一般无籽葡萄耐寒，虽然干损伤了一些地盘发生。它生产的小类似的味道和外观特拉华州红色浆果中集群。 Canadice is more winter hardy than most seedless grapes, although trunk injury has occurred on some sites. It produces medium clusters with small red berries that are similar to Delaware in flavor and appearance. 随着封锁的培训系统和精心管理，Canadice集群可能平均0.5英镑，而且葡萄藤也非常富有成效。果实腐烂 ， 是在多雨年份的问题 ， 因为过于紧凑集群。 With cordon training systems and careful management, Canadice clusters may average 0.5 lb., and the vines can be extremely productive. Fruit rot is a problem in wet years because the clusters are excessively compact. 集群重量=0.50英镑贝瑞重量=1.6克 Cluster weight = 0.50 lb. Berry weight = 1.6 g
协和无籽 ，虽然类似的风味和质地的康科德，是毫无关系。 Concord Seedless , though similar in flavor and texture to Concord, is unrelated. 该集群和浆果远远小于协和的。 The clusters and berries are much smaller than those of Concord. 果实成熟较早，具有较高的风味，并使优秀的馅饼和果酱。 The fruit matures earlier, has high flavor, and makes excellent pies and preserves. 生产力是不稳定的，而并非用于商业种植的建议。 Productivity is erratic, and it is not recommended for commercial planting. 在温暖的年份，品种的种子生产全面发展。 In warm years, the variety produces fully developed seeds.
	Einset无籽 （植物专利6160）是一个冬天，吃苦耐劳，具有独特的红色，strawberrylike风味无核葡萄。 Einset Seedless (Plant patent 6160) is a winter-hardy, red seedless grape with a unique, strawberrylike flavor. 中型集群产生明亮的红色，已至11月底良好的储存潜力卵形浆果。 The medium-sized clusters produce bright red, ovoid berries that have good storage potential until the end of November. 该组反应良好赤霉素或甘蔗剥皮 ， 以提高集群小型化和浆果的大小。 The clusters respond well to gibberellic acid or cane girdling to improve cluster compactness and berry size. 皮肤略强硬和肉质细嫩坚持。文化问题包括真菌疾病易感性的（表2）和种子残余是偶尔明显。 The skin is slightly tough and adheres to the tender flesh. Cultural problems include susceptibility to fungal diseases (Table 2) and a seed remnant that is occasionally noticeable. 随着凡妮莎，Einset无籽可能拥有认为可以种植成功地在纽约最红无籽品种的商业前景。 Along with Vanessa, Einset Seedless probably has the most commercial promise of the red seedless varieties that can be grown successfully in New York. 集群重量=0.32英镑 Cluster weight = 0.32 lb. 贝瑞重量=二点三克 Berry weight = 2.3 g
	Himrod，来自安大略省之间的交叉和汤普森无核生产，是最成功的鲜食葡萄从康奈尔大学葡萄育种计划（1952）公布。 Himrod , produced from a cross between Ontario and Thompson Seedless, is the most successful table grape released from the Cornell University grape breeding program (1952). 它生产的无核白葡萄 ， 一串很好，honeylike风味和融化，多汁的口感。 It produces large bunches of white seedless grapes with excellent, honeylike flavor and melting, juicy texture. 各专题组松散填补，但甘蔗剥皮，赤霉素处理，或变薄 ， 可用于增加群集紧凑和改善果实大小（Zabadal，1992）。 The clusters are loosely filled, but cane girdling, gibberellic acid treatments, or thinning may be used to increase cluster compactness and improve berry size (Zabadal, 1992). 脆脊柱时处理可能发生的，以及浆果可能壳牌储存。 The brittle rachis may break when handled, and the berries may shell in storage. 该脊柱也受到一群干性坏死，1知之甚少障碍往往就在秋收前 ， 会导致群集的干干瘪。 The rachis is also subject to bunch stem necrosis, a poorly understood disorder that causes a shriveling of the cluster stem, often just before harvest. 尽管这些文化的缺陷，Himrod是目前最具商业在纽约无籽葡萄种植的重要。 Despite these cultural defects, Himrod is currently the most commercially important of the seedless grapes grown in New York. 集群重量=0.36英镑贝瑞重量= 2.1克 Cluster weight = 0.36 lb. Berry weight = 2.1 g
	木星 （植物专利13309）自然产生大，椭圆形，坚定，对无核蓝浆果中型集群。 Jupiter (Plant patent 13,309) produces naturally large, oval, firm, seedless blue berries on medium sized clusters. 成熟是早中稻。 Maturity is early to mid-season. 味道很好，有温和的马斯喀特字符。 The flavor is excellent, with a mild muscat character. 有越来越多的经验相对较少 ， 在纽约木星。 There is relatively little experience growing Jupiter in New York. 据说这是很实用，更比冬季hardy中马奎斯和Himrod，但不作为hardy中的Reliance和火星。 It is said to be very productive, and more winter hardy than Marquis and Himrod, but not as hardy as Reliance and Mars. 贝瑞重量= 4至5克在阿肯色州 Berry weight = 4 to 5 g in Arkansas 见阿肯色大学获得更多信息的网站。 See theUniversity of Arkansas web sitefor more information.

因特拉肯无籽是一个早熟的强大，美国无核葡萄味道。 Interlaken Seedless is an early-ripening seedless grape with a strong, American flavor. 各专题组中型和小型，这很早就成熟白色浆果紧凑。该品种是从相同的Himrod的杂交后代。 The clusters are medium sized and compact with small, white berries that ripen very early. This cultivar was derived from the same cross as Himrod. 鸟类往往造成农作物的损失。 Birds often cause crop loss. 集群重量=0.27英镑贝瑞重量= 1.5克 Cluster weight = 0.27 lb. Berry weight = 1.5 g

Lakemont还制作了作为Himrod相同的跨 ， 但味道较温和和更紧凑的小型集群中小型浆果。 Lakemont was also produced from the same cross as Himrod but has a milder flavor and more compact clusters of small to medium-sized berries. 集群细化防止滥砍。束腐往往是一个问题。 Cluster thinning prevents overcropping. Bunch rot is often a problem. 集群重量=0.48英镑贝瑞重量=一点七克 Cluster weight = 0.48 lb. Berry weight = 1.7 g

	侯爵 （植物专利11012）被任命为在日内瓦公布的1996年。 Marquis (Plant patent 11,012) was named and released at Geneva in 1996. 集群是非常大，中，小型，和有吸引力的大，圆形，黄绿色浆果（3.5 - 5.0克/浆果）。 Clusters are very large, medium compact, and attractive, with large, round, yellow-green berries (3.5 - 5.0 gm/berry). 质地融化，味道十分可口。成熟的果实拥有良好的葡萄，并从一个温和的果味首先要成熟时，在强大Labrusca味道两个星期后味道。 Texture is melting, and the taste is very flavorful. Ripe fruit holds well on the vine, with the flavors going from a mild fruity flavor when first ripe, to a stronger Labrusca flavor two weeks later. Giberrellic酸处理 ， 不建议，但适时集群细化和甘蔗环剥可提高果实的大小和提高集群紧。 Giberrellic acid treatment is not recommended, but well-timed cluster thinning and cane girdling can increase berry size and improve cluster compactness. 藤中度hardy中，在充满活力和富有成效的媒介。 Vines are moderately hardy, medium in vigor and productive. 有关详细信息，请参阅侯爵发布公告。 For more information, see theMarquis Release Bulletin.
	火星 （植物专利5680），由美国阿肯色大学的释放，是一个充满活力，蓝色的无核葡萄。 Mars (Plant patent 5680), a release from the University of Arkansas, is a vigorous, blue seedless grape. 味道温和labrusca类似，坎贝尔的早期，以及浆果的slipskin（有一个艰难的皮肤很容易分开的稀烂肉）。 The flavor is mildly labrusca, similar to Campbell's Early, and the berries are slipskin (having a tough skin that separates readily from the pulpy flesh). 集群是中小企业，圆柱和良好填补。 Clusters are medium sized, cylindrical, and well filled. 抗寒一直很好在日内瓦，纽约，葡萄藤也耐受几种主要疾病。 Hardiness has been good at Geneva, New York, and the vines are resistant to several major diseases. 葡萄早熟可能取得成果，并生产应以青少年藤控制 ， 以防止编制。火星一直在阿肯色州的建议作为一个商业营销潜力有限 ， 家庭菜园葡萄延迟。 Vines may bear fruit precociously, and production should be controlled on young vines to prevent delays in establishment.Mars has been recommended in Arkansasas a home garden grape with limited potential for commercial marketing. 集群重量=0.40英镑贝瑞= 2.6克的重量阿肯色州 Cluster weight = 0.40 lb. Berry weight = 2.6 g in Arkansas
	海王星 （植物专利12302），从1998年的美国阿肯色大学的发布，是一种黄绿色温和的活力无核葡萄品种。 Neptune (Plant patent 12,302), a 1998 release from the University of Arkansas, is a yellow-green seedless grape cultivar of moderate vigor. 各专题组大 ， 非常华丽，但生产力是温和的。 The clusters are large and very showy, but productivity is moderate. 味道温和 ， 水果，而水果质地公司进行比较厚的皮肤，就像许多东欧无核葡萄。 Flavor is mild and fruity, while fruit texture is firm with a relatively thick skin, similar to many eastern seedless grapes. 有越来越多的经验相对较少 ， 在纽约海王星。据悉更冬季比金星耐用。 There is relatively little experience growing Neptune in New York. It is reported to be more winter hardy than Venus. 到期的中后期，在2004年赛季。 Maturity was mid- to late-season in 2004. 贝瑞重量= 3克在阿肯色州 Berry weight = 3 g in Arkansas 见阿肯色大学获得更多信息的网站。 See theUniversity of Arkansas web sitefor more information.
	信实 （植物专利5174），也从美国阿肯色大学（1982年），生产圆形，红色，中大集群规模的浆果。 Reliance (Plant patent 5174), also from the University of Arkansas (1982), produces large clusters of round, red, medium-sized berries. 招标的皮和肉的纹理融化的甜labrusca味道。 The skins are tender and the flesh is melting in texture, with a sweet labrusca flavor. 着色可能会很差在某些年份，往往裂缝和水果在雨季。 Coloring may be poor in some years, and fruit often crack in wet seasons. 抗寒性是其中的无核品种的最高水平。 Cold hardiness is among the highest of the seedless varieties. 集群重量=0.62英镑浆果= 2至3克的重量在阿肯色州 Cluster weight = 0.62 lb. Berry weight = 2 to 3 g in Arkansas 见阿肯色大学获得更多信息的网站。 See theUniversity of Arkansas web sitefor more information.
	Remaily无籽 ，由纽约州农业试验站的开发，生产与质地结实无籽果实椭圆形的大型集群。 Remaily Seedless , developed by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, produces large clusters of oval seedless berries with firm texture. 风味是中性的 ， 温和的水果。 The flavor is neutral and mildly fruity. 各专题组在外观上非常有吸引力 ， 但受烫金暴露在阳光下，而且葡萄藤也仅温和耐用。这个品种在一个中立味，欧洲式的葡萄更是冬季比商业hardy中的建议有兴趣的后院加利福尼亚州种植无籽葡萄。 The clusters are very attractive in appearance but are subject to bronzing where exposed to sunlight, and the vines are only moderately hardy. This variety is recommended for backyard gardeners interested in a neutral-flavored, European-type grape that is more winter hardy than commercially grown California seedless grapes. 集群重量=0.68英镑贝瑞重量= 2.7克 Cluster weight = 0.68 lb. Berry weight = 2.7 g
	土星 （植物专利6703），美国阿肯色大学的另一个版本（1987年），产生清晰的大浆果中大型圆锥集群。 Saturn (Plant patent 6703), another University of Arkansas release (1987), produces large, crisp berries on medium-large conical clusters. 浆果是明亮的红色与粘附皮肤和中性的味道。 The berries are bright red with adherent skins and a mild flavor. 藤早熟及中度hardy中的最佳 ， 必须集群变薄。 Vines are precocious and moderately hardy at best and must be cluster thinned. 在某些年度种子残余十分显着。土星有良好的储存潜力 ， 可以成为一个可以接受的混合酒处理。 In some years the seed remnants are very noticeable. Saturn has good storage potential and may be processed into an acceptable blending wine. 集群重量=0.68英镑贝瑞= 3.0克的重量阿肯色州 Cluster weight = 0.68 lb. Berry weight = 3.0 g in Arkansas 见阿肯色大学获得更多信息的网站。 See theUniversity of Arkansas web sitefor more information.
	萨福克红色生产中的温和色彩的红色浆果的大型集群。 Suffolk Red produces medium to large clusters of mild-flavored red berries. 各专题组松散 ， 但可能使更多的与赤霉素或甘蔗剥皮使用。冬天损害紧凑 ， 往往是除了在长岛，那里的品种是成功的培养问题。 The clusters are loose but may be made more compact with the use of gibberellic acid or cane girdling. Winter damage is often a problem except on Long Island, where the variety is successfully cultured. 过多的葡萄活力差 ， 可能会出现以下作物和冬芽的损害。 Excessive vine vigor may occur following poor crops and winter bud damage. 集群重量=0.32英镑贝瑞重量= 2.7克 Cluster weight = 0.32 lb. Berry weight = 2.7 g

凡妮莎是由HRIO，加拿大，并且是优质葡萄红甜点。 Vanessa was developed by HRIO, Canada, and is a red dessert grape of excellent quality. 适度的葡萄是积极 ， 深入的无籽葡萄顽强。 The vine is moderately vigorous and among the hardiest of seedless grapes. 嫁接可能需要在许多地点 ， 以增加葡萄大小（葡萄嫁接在弗雷多尼亚，纽约，但审判对泰莱基第5c，有表现差的水果非常小浆果集）。 Grafting may be desirable on many sites to increase vine size (vines grafted on Teleki 5C at trials in Fredonia, New York, however, have shown poor fruit set with very small berries). 种子残余通常是大 ， 软，当明显 ， 有时是有限的市场性原因。 The seed remnant is usually large and soft; when noticeable it is sometimes a cause for limited marketability. 浆果是对中等中等大小，以及充满集群。 Berries are medium in size on medium, well-filled clusters. 存储潜力是好的。 Storage potential is good. 味道温和 ， 水果，浆果和质地是坚定的。 The flavor is mild and fruity, and berry texture is firm. 水果品质是其中的红无核类型最好。 The fruit quality is among the best of the red seedless types.

金星 ，从阿肯色大学也，是一个积极和富有成效的蓝黑色无核葡萄。 Venus , also from the University of Arkansas, is a vigorous and productive blue-black seedless grape. 中期的大型集群成熟早，生产轻度labrusca大浆果口味。 The medium-large clusters ripen early, producing large berries with mild labrusca flavors. 在纽约，残余的种子和显着的努力，和水果腐烂一直收获问题。 In New York, the seed remnants are hard and noticeable, and fruit rot has been a problem at harvest. 果实品质是公平。 Fruit quality is only fair. 集群重量=0.60英镑贝瑞重量=2.9克 Cluster weight = 0.60 lb. Berry weight = 2.9 g 见阿肯色大学获得更多信息的网站。 See theUniversity of Arkansas web sitefor more information.

zjl98

介绍的很好很详细。

冲天鹤

翻译的不咋样。最好把网址附上。