国外一篇圆叶葡萄的文章

h83428

无

意间看到国外网站的一篇圆叶葡萄的文章，因为我英文水平很差，只能翻译软件翻译，仅供大家参考，请别笑话我
Fruit & Nut Resources
Muscadine
George Ray McEachern and Marvin L. Baker
Extension Horticulturists
Texas A&M University
March 6, 1997
Muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia) are native to East Texas. They thrive in slightly acid soils and have good disease resistance which makes them particularly suited to the humid climates of East Texas. There are less than 50 acres of commercial vineyards, but muscadines are very popular in gardens, on arbors, and as screens and borders.
The highly flavorful fruits of muscadines are particularly popular for jams, jellies, and juices and are also excellent as fresh fruit, though the skin is tough. There is also some interest in muscadines for home and commercial winemaking.
Varieties
The most recently named varieties of muscadines are perfect flowered or self-fruiting. These will also serve as pollinators for the female varieties. When planting a vineyard, a pollinator variety should be set a minimum of every third vine in every third row.
Most varieties ripen from mid-August through September in East Texas.
Regale is a very productive purple variety with medium-sized fruits borne on loose, uniform-ripening clusters of 10 to 20 berries each. It has very good quality berries with a wet stem scar and is self-fruitful. It begins ripening in early August.
Summit is one of the most productive varieties grown in East Texas. It is a very large-fruited bronze grape with exceptionally sweet flavor. It has a dry stem scar and good keeping quality. It requires a pollinator.
Higgins is a large-fruited, productive bronze grape. It has very good flavor, requires a pollinator, and begins ripening in late August or early September.
Doreen is a recent release with green, medium-sized berries that dislodge easily from the vine. Doreen was the top producer among varieties in Texas Agricultural Experiment Station tests at Overton in 1981. It has a football shaped berry with a dry stem scar and has excellent keeping quality. It is self-fruitful and ripens from mid-September through early October.
Cowart is a large-fruited purple variety. It produces well, has good quality, and is self-fruitful.
Carlos is a medium-sized bronze grape. It is very productive and vigorous and has good quality. It is self-fruitful.
Fry is a very large bronze grape with exceptional quality. It requires a pollinator. It begins ripening in late August or early September.
Soil
Muscadines are best suited to the fertile, loamy soils of East Texas that are acid with a soil pH of 6.0. Problems with chlorosis are usually encountered in soils that have a pH 7.0 or above.
Deep, well-drained, sandy soil is optimum. Muscadines will not tolerate “wet feet” and should not be planted on soils with poor drainage. If adequate drainage is doubtful, plant the vines on a raised row that will allow adequate drainage in all directions.
Climate
Muscadines are a southern crop requiring warm winters–they will freeze to the ground if grown in areas receiving winter temperatures less than 5 degrees to 10 degrees F. Muscadines cannot be grown north of climatic zone 7A. When grown on well-drained soils, they can withstand exceedingly high levels of annual precipitation. Unlike bunch grapes, complications from Black Rot and high relative humidity are not major limiting factors.
Establishing the Vineyard
Establish the vineyard by setting the posts 10 feet apart in 10-foot rows. The plants will be set at the same spacing as the posts. Posts should be wood or metal fence posts. Posts in the row should be a minimum of 7 feet long with at least 2-inch tops. They should be set at least 2 feet deep in the soil. End posts should be 8 feet long with 5-inch tops. These should be set at least 3 feet deep in the soil.
Propagation
Muscadines are propagated by layering. Layering is done by taking a lower cane and placing it under the soil during the dormant season. During the second dormant season, the rooted cane is removed from the soil and a new plant is obtained.
Planting
Set vines in late winter after the danger of hard freezes is past. Care should be taken to keep the roots moist while planting by keeping the plants in a container of water or by wrapping the roots with wet burlap.
Dig the planting hole wide enough to allow the roots to be spread and set the plants 1 or 2 inches deeper than they grew in the nursery. Set the plants immediately against the posts so that they may be used for training. Fill the planting hole with loose topsoil, pack firmly, and thoroughly water the newly set plant. Never add fertilizer to the planting hole.
Cut the tops of the dormant plant back to approximately two buds. Growth from these buds should be allowed to develop freely during the first year to develop a strong root system.
Trellising
Use one 10-gauge wire 66 inches high from the soil surface and connected to 7-foot posts which are set every 10 feet. Vines are planted every 20 feet.
Training
Train two trunks up the fence posts the second year. Loosely tie the shoot to the post every 6 inches in order to develop a straight trunk. Remove any extra shoots once the shoot being trained appears safe from accidental breakage. Also, pinch off any side shoots, but not leaves, from the shoot being trained. Train each of the shoots in opposite directions down the wire.
Pruning
Prune in the months between November and February. If pruned after December, the vines will bleed water profusely. This is common and not a problem. On mature vines, spurs are selected along the horizontal trunk or cordon every 6 inches. The spurs should be pruned to 2 or 3 buds on 3- and 4-year-old vines and lengthened to 4 or 5 buds as the vine matures and vigor increases. Remove shoots not needed for spurs or fruiting arms. Remove vigorous shoots as they develop at the bend near the top of the posts. The single curtain pruning system is illustrated in Figure 1.

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修剪
11月和2月之间几个月的修剪。如果12月后修剪,藤蔓将流血水丰富地。这是普遍的,不是一个问题。在成熟的葡萄树,选择热刺沿着水平树干或警戒线每6英寸。马刺应该修剪2或3味蕾上3 - 4岁的藤蔓和延长4或5味蕾随着葡萄的成熟和活力增加。删除芽不需要热刺或果期武器。删除有力的拍摄,因为他们开发的顶部附近的弯曲职位。一个窗帘修剪系统如图1所示。

图1所示。单一的窗帘为麝香葡萄葡萄修剪系统。
受精
圆叶葡萄反应良好的应用平衡N-P-K肥料如4-1-2或3-1-2。除非有特定的缺乏症状被发现,没有其他肥料矿物在德克萨斯州是必要的。
应用大约每年一磅的肥料的葡萄树年龄最多4磅。应用程序在第一年和第二年是最好的应用在小1/4磅增加4月每两周,5月和6月。二月或三月的单个应用程序通常是足够成熟的葡萄。防止肥料至少18英寸的葡萄树的树干。避免在sod中部施肥。
除草
麝香葡萄的根很浅,不应机械地培养。地面小距或其他形式的耕作破坏根和减少葡萄的活力。
杂草在第一年的葡萄树应该被挖掘了一个3英尺循环控制在每一个葡萄树。杀死杂草与综述或后第二年的依赖。与增长管保护树干,铝箔、纸。
控制杂草的生长与割行中部。这将避免的危险从地面小距根修剪,将有助于控制土壤侵蚀。
水的需求
圆叶葡萄通常生长在东德克萨斯没有灌溉,但低夏天降雨通常限制水果大小和旱地葡萄的生产。多年来建立葡萄灌溉是至关重要的一个,两个,三个。
灌溉需求会有所不同取决于土壤,葡萄树活力,和天气条件。一般的指导方针,可以用作基础应用水滴灌系统给出如下。
4 - 6月july-sept。
1年7日14
第二年14 28
第3年28 56
必要时调整灌溉利率来弥补土壤排水或极端的天气。9月减少灌溉或收获后以强化冬季的藤蔓。严重的冻结损伤会导致如果灌溉和施肥也持续到秋天。
收获
圆叶葡萄品种成熟从8月初到9月。成熟的水果从葡萄树很容易脱落。成熟的浆果可以收获迅速把帆布或抓帧在葡萄树下,抖动的葡萄树或者电线非常困难。葡萄树应该收获每两到五天。
品种用湿茎疤痕,如盛宴,不会储存好,收获后应尽快处理。品种的干干的疤痕,如峰会和朵琳,将至少一个星期如果冷藏在35度到45度。
营销和处理
市场渠道麝香葡萄在德克萨斯州是有限的。自己采摘的和直接的消费者销售是有可能的。有一些销售商业酒厂有限。商业营销通过对新鲜农产品连锁杂货店和类似的机构还没有被开发出来。大的圆叶葡萄种植是不明智的,除非大媒体可以开发。

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lin751125 发表于 2017-3-15 11:34
喜欢最后一句:大规模是不明智的，

哈哈，庭院阳台首选，怎一个抗病了得

小泉

大意能理解

飞尘勿扰

楼主用心了，刚好种了几棵，对我很有用。

lin751125

喜欢最后一句:大规模是不明智的，

h83428

软件翻译的真的很烂，大家别介意，仅供参考

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Figure 1. Single curtain pruning systems for muscadine grapes.
Fertilization
Muscadines respond well to applications of balanced N-P-K fertilizers such as 4-1-2 or 3-1-2. Unless specific deficiency symptoms are found, no other fertilizer mineral is necessary in Texas.
Apply approximately one pound of fertilizer per year of vine age up to a maximum of four pounds. Applications in year one and year two are best applied in small 1/4 pound increments every two weeks in April, May, and June. A single application in February or March is usually adequate on mature vines. Keep fertilizer at least 18 inches from the trunk of vines. Avoid applying fertilizer in sod middles.
Weed Control
Muscadine roots are very shallow and should not be mechanically cultivated. Disking or other forms of tillage damages roots and reduces vine vigor.
Weeds in first year vines should be controlled by hoeing out about a 3-foot circle around each vine. Kill weeds with ROUNDUP or RELY after the second year. Protect the trunks with growth tubes, aluminum foil, or paper.
Control weed growth in row middles with mowing. This will avoid danger of root pruning from disking and will help keep soil erosion in check.
Water Requirements
Muscadines are commonly grown in East Texas without irrigation, but low summer rainfall often limits fruit size and production of dryland vines. Irrigation is essential for establishment of vines in years one, two, and three.
Irrigation requirements will vary depending upon the soil, vine vigor, and weather conditions. General guidelines that can be used as a basis for applying water with a drip irrigation system are given below.
April-June        July-Sept.
Year 1        7        14
Year 2        14        28
Year 3        28        56
Adjust irrigation rates as necessary to compensate for extremes in soil drainage or weather. Reduce irrigation in September or after harvest in order to harden the vines for winter. Serious freeze injury can result if irrigation and fertilization are continued too late into the fall.
Harvesting
Muscadine varieties ripen from early August through September. Mature fruit are easily dislodged from the vine. Ripe berries can be harvested rapidly by placing a canvas or catching frame under the vine and shaking the vine or wire very hard. Vines should be harvested every two to five days.
Varieties with a wet stem-end scar, such as Regale, will not store well and should be processed soon after harvest. Varieties with a dry stem scar, such as Summit and Doreen, will keep well for at least a week if refrigerated at 35 degrees to 45 degrees F.
Marketing and Processing
Market outlets for muscadines in Texas are limited. Pick-your-own and direct consumer sales are possible. There are some limited sales to commercial wineries. Commercial marketing through grocery store chains and similar outlets for fresh produce has not been developed. Large muscadine plantings are not advisable unless larger outlets can be developed.

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水果和坚果资源
圆叶葡萄
乔治·雷麦凯克伦和马文·l·贝克
扩展园艺家
德州农工大学
1997年3月6日
圆叶葡萄葡萄(葡萄rotundifolia)原产于东德克萨斯州。他们在微酸性土壤茁壮成长,有良好的抗病性这使得它们特别适合东德克萨斯的潮湿的气候。有少于50英亩的商业葡萄园,但麝香葡萄是非常受欢迎的在花园,在乔木,屏幕和边框。
圆叶葡萄尤其受欢迎的高度可口的水果果酱,果冻,新鲜水果和果汁和也优秀,虽然皮肤是艰难的。也有一些兴趣,麝香葡萄为家庭和商业酿酒。
品种
最近任命为麝香葡萄品种是完美的花或self-fruiting。这些也将作为雌性品种的传粉者。当种植葡萄园,授粉品种应设置至少每三葡萄树在每个第三行。
大多数品种成熟从8月中旬到9月在东德克萨斯。
盛宴是一个非常富有成效的紫色与中型水果承担各种松散,一群10到20的浆果。它有很好的质量,self-fruitful浆果用湿干的疤痕。它在八月初开始成熟。
峰会是一种最高效品种生长在东德克萨斯。这是一个非常large-fruited青铜葡萄特别甜的味道。它有一个干茎疤痕和良好的质量。它需要传粉。
希金斯是一个large-fruited,生产青铜葡萄。它有很好的味道,需要传粉者,并在8月底或9月初开始成熟。
多琳是最近发布绿色,中型驱逐很容易从葡萄的浆果。多琳的顶级生产商在德克萨斯农业试验品种站测试在1981年欧。它有一个足球形状的浆果干茎疤痕和具有良好的保持质量。self-fruitful和成熟从9月中旬到十月初。
科沃特是一个large-fruited紫色品种。它生产好,质量好,是self-fruitful。
卡洛斯是一个中型铜葡萄。它非常富有成效的、充满活力和具有良好的质量。这是self-fruitful。
弗莱是一个非常特殊的大型青铜葡萄的质量。它需要传粉。它在8月底或9月初开始成熟。
土壤
圆叶葡萄最适合肥沃的,肥沃的土壤的东德克萨斯酸性土壤pH值为6.0。萎黄病通常遇到的问题在土壤pH值7.0或以上。
深,排水良好、沙质土壤是最优的。麝香葡萄不会容忍“湿脚”,不应该种植在土壤排水较差。如果怀疑足够的排水系统,植物的藤蔓将行,允许足够的排水系统在所有的方向。
气候
圆叶葡萄是南方作物需要温暖winters-they将冻结地面如果生长在区域接收冬季气温低于华氏5度到10度圆叶葡萄不能增长气候带以北7。排水性良好的土壤上生长时,他们可以承受极高水平的年降水量。不像一些葡萄、黑腐病并发症和高相对湿度并不主要限制因素。
建立葡萄园
建立葡萄园通过设置职位10英尺10英尺行。植物将在相同的间距设置岗位。文章应该木材或金属栅栏的帖子。行应该是最低的职位7英尺长至少2英寸。他们应该设置至少2英尺深的土壤。最后文章应该8英尺5英寸长。这些应设置至少3英尺深的土壤。
传播
圆叶葡萄被分层传播。分层是通过采取降低甘蔗和放置在土壤在休眠季节。在第二个休眠季节,根甘蔗从土壤和删除一个新工厂。
种植
葡萄树在冬末硬冻结的危险过去之后。应注意保持根湿润而种植通过保持水的植物在一个容器或包装湿麻袋的根源。
挖种植洞宽足以允许传播并设置植物根部1或2英寸比他们在托儿所长大。立即设置植物对帖子,这样他们可以用于培训。种植孔填充松表层土,包装牢固,彻底水新植物。从来没有添加肥料种植孔。
削减顶部的休眠植物回到大约两个芽。应该允许增长从这些花蕾发展自由在第一年发展一个强大的根系。
格子
使用一个10规格钢丝66英寸高的土壤表面和连接到7英尺的帖子设置每10英尺。葡萄树种植每20英尺。
培训
火车两树干篱笆帖子第二年。松散的领带在拍摄后每6英寸,以开发一个笔直的树干。删除任何额外的芽一旦射击训练出现安全意外破损。同时,掐掉任何一边拍摄,但不是叶子,从射击训练。火车每个芽在相反的方向。

桂系黄分农

圆叶葡萄扦插不活，嫁接不活，跟苗无关，跟英语有关？看来英语不过几级，圆叶是种不好的。

不会吹牛

在群里看了，现在又来看过

h83428

飞尘勿扰 发表于 2017-3-15 13:08
楼主用心了，刚好种了几棵，对我很有用。

刚好我也入了圆叶的坑

小泉

我又看了一遍

15966629009

看不懂！只能求英文水平高的来解释！

海风阁

上文用百度翻译结合实际再译一下，错误难免，请邦友斧正。

水果和坚果资源
Muscadine（马斯卡丁葡萄、麝香葡萄、东方葡萄）
George Ray McEachern和Marvin L.Baker
推广园艺学家
德克萨斯农工大学
1997年3月6日
麝香葡萄（东方葡萄）原产于德克萨斯东部。它们在微酸性土壤中茁壮成长，具有良好的抗病性，特别适合德克萨斯州东部的潮湿气候。商业葡萄园种植不到50英亩，但muscadines在花园，乔木，绿屏和边界围栏上非常受欢迎。
muscadines的美味水果特别受果酱，果冻和果汁爱好者的欢迎，虽然果皮厚硬，但也非常适合作为新鲜水果。人们对于家庭和商业酿酒的muscadines也有一些兴趣。

品种

最近命名的麝香品种是完美的开花或自粉结果。这些也将作为异花授粉品种的授粉者。它有很好的浆果，有湿茎疤痕，自粉结果。
大多数品种在德克萨斯州东部8月中旬至9月成熟。

Regale是一种丰产的紫色品种，中等大小的水果，每个都有10到20个浆果的松散、均匀的成熟簇。它有非常优质的浆果，湿茎疤痕，产量高。它在8月初开始成熟。

首脑会议（峰会）是德克萨斯东部最高产的品种之一。它是一种非常大的水果青铜葡萄，味道特别甜。它具有干燥的茎疤痕和耐存性好。它需要传粉者。

希金斯是一种硕果累累，产量丰富的青铜葡萄。它味道很好，需要传粉者，并在8月下旬或9月上旬开始成熟。

Doreen是最近发布的绿色中型浆果，可轻松从葡萄藤上摘下。Doreen是1981年Overton德克萨斯州农业试验站试验品种中的顶级生产者。它有一个足球形状的浆果，干茎疤痕，保存质量极佳。丰产，从九月中旬到十月初成熟。

Cowart是一种大型水果紫色品种。它生产良好，质量好，丰产。

卡洛斯是一种中型青铜葡萄。它非常有生产力和活力，质量很好，丰产。
Fry是一种非常大的青铜葡萄，质量极佳。它需要传粉者。它在8月下旬或9月上旬开始成熟。

土壤

Muscadines最适合东德克萨斯州肥沃的壤土，这些土壤是酸性的，土壤pH值为6.0。在pH 7.0或更高的土壤中通常会遇到萎黄问题。
深厚、排水良好的沙土是最佳的。Muscadines不能忍受“湿脚”，不应种植在排水不畅的土壤上。如果忧虑排水不畅，请将葡萄种植放在一排高垄上，以便向各个方向充分排水。


气候

Muscadines是一种需要温暖冬天的南部作物，如果生长在冬季温度低于5度至10度的地区，它们将在地面上休眠。
Muscadines不能在气候带7A以北生长。当在排水良好的土壤上生长时，它们可以承受极高水平的年降水量。与束葡萄不同，黑腐病和高相对湿度的并发症不是主要的限制因素。

建立葡萄园

通过将柱子以10英尺的间隔设置成10英尺的行来建立葡萄园。植物将设置在与帖子相同的间距。柱子应该是木材或金属栅栏柱子。排中的柱子应至少7英尺长，顶部至少2英寸。它们应设置在土壤中至少2英尺深。端柱长8英尺，顶部5英寸。这些应设置在土壤中至少3英尺深。

繁殖

麝香葡萄是通过分压繁殖的。在休眠季节，用较低的藤条放置在土壤下进行分压。在第二个休眠季节，将生根藤条从土壤中截挖并获得新植株。


种植

在严冬的危险过去后，种植葡萄树。种植时应注意保持根部湿润，将植物保持在一个容器中或用湿的做麻袋用的粗麻布包裹根部。
挖掘足够宽的种植坑以使根扩散并使植物比它们在苗圃中生长的深1或2英寸。将植物及时绑扎在柱子上，以便它们攀爬。用松散的表土填充种植孔，把新栽植物踏实并浇透水。绝不在种植洞施肥。
将休眠植物的顶部切去大约两个芽。让这些芽在第一年自由生长发育，以形成强大的根系。

网格化

使用一根距离土壤表面66英寸高的10号电线，连接到每10英尺设置的7英尺桩。每20英尺栽种一棵藤蔓植物。

整形

第二年在篱笆桩上整留两条树干。每隔6英寸将枝条松散地绑在柱子上，以形成笔直的树干。一旦被整形出来的枝条看上去安全不受意外破坏，就可以除去任何多余的枝条。此外，从被留用的枝条中，掐掉任何侧梢，而不是叶子。将每一个枝条沿线方向反向整形。

修剪

在11月至2月的几个月内修剪。如果在十二月修剪后，藤蔓会大量地流出水。这是常见的，而不是问题。在成熟的藤蔓上，每6英寸沿水平的树干或枝条选择分支。应将3年和4年生葡萄藤分支剪留2或3个芽，随着葡萄成熟和活力增加，分支应延长至4或5个芽。去除分支或果臂上的嫩枝。在柱顶附近的弯曲处，展开有力的嫩枝。平面（单幕）修剪系统如图1所示。

图1。马斯卡丁葡萄的平面修剪系统。

施肥
Muscadines对平衡N-P-K肥料（如4-1-2或3-1-2）的应用反应良好。除非发现特定的缺乏症状，否则德克萨斯不需要其他肥料矿物。

按照葡萄树龄每树龄年施用约1磅，最多可达四磅。第一年和第二年的施肥时段最好在4月、5月和6月，每两周以1/4磅的增量小量施。对于成熟的葡萄藤，2月或3月的单次施通常就足够了。保持肥料距离葡萄藤树干至少18英寸。避免在草皮中施用肥料。

杂草控制

Muscadine根非常浅，不应机械培养。盘状或其他形式的耕作会损害根系并降低葡萄活力。

第一年葡萄藤中的杂草应该通过在每个葡萄藤周围挖出约3英尺的圆圈来控制。用草甘膦除草剂或第二年后除草。用生长管，铝箔或纸张保护树干。割草控制行间杂草生长。这将避免修剪伐根的危险，并将有助于防止水土流失。

用水要求

Muscadines通常在德克萨斯州东部种植，无需灌溉，但夏季降雨量低通常会限制果实大小和旱地葡萄藤的产量。灌溉是建园一年、二年和三年葡萄生长的必要条件。

灌溉要求将根据土壤，葡萄活力和天气条件而变化。下面给出了可用作滴灌系统加水基础的一般指导原则。

四月至六月至七月至九月。

第1年7 14

第2年14 28

第3年28 56

根据需要调整灌溉率，以补偿土壤排水或天气的极端情况。减少九月或收获后的灌溉，以使藤蔓越冬硬化。如果灌溉和施肥持续到秋季太晚，可能会导致严重的冻伤。

收获

Muscadine品种从8月初到9月成熟。成熟的果实容易从藤蔓上脱落。成熟的浆果可以通过在葡萄藤下放置画布或捕捉框架并用力地摇动葡萄藤或电线来快速收获。葡萄应该每两到五天收获一次。

具有湿茎端疤痕的品种，如Regale，储存不好，收获后应立即加工。如果在35度至45度F冷藏，Summit和Doreen等具有干茎疤痕的品种将保持良好状态至少一周。

营销和处理

德克萨斯州muscadines的市场网点有限。选择你自己和直接的消费者销售是可能的。商业酒厂的销售有限。尚未开发通过杂货店连锁店和类似新鲜农产品销售的商业营销。大面积的麝香葡萄种植是不可行的，除非有很大的出口量。