巴西坚果繁殖及栽培方法

win2win4us · 发表于 2007-11-21 16:43

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原文地址 http://www.fao.org/docrep/V0784E/v0784e0l.htm

Propagation and cultivation methods
繁殖及栽培方法

C.H. Muller and his colleagues at CPATU, in Belém, he executed the most complete research project undertaken with Brazil nut to date. They he developed seed germination techniques, grafting practices, field establishment and density recommendations; collected elite germplasm for breeding; and started a selection program. The following discussion is based upon their work, as outlined by Mori & Prance (1990b) and discussions with C.H. Muller.
C．H．穆勒和他的同事们在贝伦的Cpatu ，进行和完成了目前最完整的巴西坚果研究项目。他们研究出种子发芽和嫁接的技术，进行实地栽培,给出了种植密度的建议;为了育种搜集了优质胚质;开始了遴选程序。基于Mori ＆ prance （ 1990b ）的要点描述和与C．H．穆勒的讨论, 本文进行如下探讨.
The seed of the Brazil nut may take 12-36 months to germinate and even then only attain 60% germination. Figueiredo et al. (1980) and Frazão et al. (1984) used physical and chemical method. to scarify the seed and enhance germination. Some of these worked, but not well. Finally they simply removed the shell (after soaking for 24 hours in water), treated the seed with fungicide for 60-90 minutes and sowed the seed in sand or sawdust germination beds. Germination starts within one month and after 6 months attains 80%.
巴西坚果的种子需要很长时间发芽，可能要12-36个月, 即使如此，其发芽也只能达到60 ％。 Figueiredo et al（ 1980 ）和Frazão et al（ 1984 ）曾用物理和化学方法, 以切割或软化的方式来提高发芽率。这些方法，在一定程度上有效, 但不是很好。最后，他们干脆去掉了壳（在水里浸泡24小时），再经过杀菌剂处理约60-90分钟，然后在沙子或锯末层播下了种子。采用这种方法后1个月---6个月后,发芽率达到80 ％。
Because the Brazil nut seedling has a vigorous taproot, the seedling must be transplanted early and carefully to a deep plastic nursery bag. Unfortunately, root bound plants are still common because the taproot will bottom-out and start to curve around the bag. An untested method is to transplant the seedling into a screen bottomed or funnel-shaped tube (dibble tubes) raised above ground level. When the taproot reaches the bottom of the tube, it would be "air-pruned" and stop growing. If this air-pruned root is not damaged in any other way, it will start growing again when planted out. This idea is currently expanding rapidly in North American horticultural circles and can be executed with extremely rudimentary materials. With locally ailable materials it could be used anywhere in Amazônia
因为巴西坚果幼苗有一根有力的主根，种苗必须移栽早、小心地将其移栽到一个深一些的塑料育苗袋里。不过这样做也存在问题，根绕在苗上的情况很普遍，因为主根将自下而上出来，并开始盘绕在育苗袋上。有一项未经测试的方法可以避免出现上面的问题,是将幼苗移植在一个离地的屏底或漏斗形的管子里（点播管）。当主根到达底部管，将由"空气整根育苗/秧" ，主根会停止增长。在主根没有其他损害的情况下，当种植后，巴西坚果幼苗会开始生长。目前，这一方法正迅速在北美地区的园艺界流行，这种方法需要的辅助材料也很普通。按照Amazônia当地的情况，这种方法可以用于这里的任何地方。

The young seedling should be hardened-off and planted out when about 40-60 cm tall. A planting pit about 40 cm on each side, containing a mix of surface soil, well-rotted manure and 100 g of treble super phosphate, should be prepared at the end of the dry season and the seedling planted out at the beginning of the rainy season.
幼苗应软化过，种植时，约40-60厘米高。种植坑半径约40厘米，把表层土壤、腐熟粪肥和100克的高效磷酸肥充分混合后，置于坑内。在旱季结束时做好准备，在雨季一开始就种植。（在北美，一般5月到10月为旱季，12月到次年3月为雨季，4月和11月为旱、雨季过渡期。）

Because the seedling should be 2 cm thick at 20 cm above ground level to graft, most grafting is done in the field after the seedlings are established. If the air-pruning technique is developed, it may be possible to grow seedlings large enough in the nursery to allow grafting. In either case, patch buds from orthotropic branches should be selected from highly productive trees with desirable characteristics. The Forkert grafting method has given the best results. If grafted plants are to be used, it is also worthwhile to obtain seed for root stock from highly productive trees that appear never to he been fertilized and, if possible, are found growing in less than forable environments. These kinds of plants are probably very efficient at scenging nutrients from Amazônia's nutrient-poor ecosystem. A grafted plant may start fruiting after only 8-10 years in the field, versus 15-20 for seedling plants. This differential precocity suggests that future plantings be directed towards grafted plants, although this will require more skills on the part of the farmer, a large number of high quality clones to choose from (6 at a minimum) and more information on the biology and reproduction of clonal plantings.
A seedling monoculture density of 65-100 trees/ha (10 × 15 m or 10 × 10 m) appears to be suitable, although there are no experimental results yet; grafted trees may do well at higher densities (8 × 10 m or even 8 × 8 m). Muller (1981) recommends 10 × 15 m for mixed cropping schemes and 15 × 20 and 20 × 20 m for establishment in pastures. Posey (1985) reports on Kayapó agroforestry plantings but does not give densities. Observed densities in "natural" castanhais, however, suggest that only 1520 trees/ha are used. More research on planting in mixed cropping, agroforestry and forest-enrichment environments is required. G. Hartshorn's (WWF-US, pers. com.) comments on the Brazil nut with regards to surviving and growing well in abandoned secondary forest, however, suggest that this species may be easy to manage in alternative agricultural systems.

幼苗应在直径2厘米厚、20厘米地面高度时嫁接，大部分是在种植后嫁接的。如果"空气整根育苗/秧"技术得到进一步完善，我们也可以在育苗时期完成嫁接。在这两种嫁接情况下，要注意选择果实产量大的坚果树，取其直生枝条的嫁接芽。Forkert嫁接方法非常有效。如果要使用那些嫁接芽，选择产量大的坚果树获取种子也是很值得的，这些树最好未施化肥，如果可能的话，选用在恶劣环境里生长的那些果树。这些植物才会高效率地、在土地贫瘠地Amazônia生态系统成长。嫁接的坚果树8-10年后开始坐果，而未嫁接的需要15-20年时间。这种坐果时间差别表明，未来的种植方向是嫁接坚果，尽管对部分果农来说这将需要更多的技巧、尽管需要许多高品质的克隆/无性繁殖系供选择（在最低限度数量：6）、尽管要用到更多生物学和生殖无性系栽植方面的知识。合适的树苗密度是65-100棵 /公顷（ 10 × 15米或10 × 10米），虽然尚未得到实验结果;嫁接树的密度较高（ 8 × 10米或更8 × 8米）。穆勒（ 1981年）推荐使用的10 × 15米混合种植计划，或者15 × 20和20 × 20米，里面空间植草。波西（ 1985 ）报道过kayapó农林业种植，但没有透露密度。观测自然，一般情况下，建议1520棵/公顷。期待更多的关于混作种植、农林复合，森林富集环境方面的研究成果。 G. Hartshorn ' s （世界自然基金会－美， pers. com ）认为，建议在废弃的次生林栽植巴西坚果，认为在替代农业系统里这个物种是易于管理的。

Padoch et al. (1987) report that the Brazil nut is being planted in a market-oriented agroforestry system near Iquitos, Peru. Although Brazil nut is not the major species there, this does show that Amazonian agroforest farmers, without government-sponsored extension support, are following the Amerindian traditions. This is obviously because there is money to be made.
Padoch et al. (1987)报告说，巴西坚果在秘鲁Iquitos附近被种植在一个市场导向的农林复合系统里。虽然巴西坚果在那里不是主要的物种，但这表明，如果没有政府赞助的扩展支持，亚马孙农林复合地带的农民自然延续了美洲印第安人的种植传统。很明显，当然是因为有赚钱效应在起作用。

The future of Brazil nut as a crop can be three-fold: as an extractivist product; as an agroforestry/forest management component; and as a modern monoculture plantation crop. As already mentioned, the first option will help conserve tropical forests and the cultures of numerous tropical-forest peoples, both Amerindian and caboclo. The second option is the preferred route to enrich already deforested areas with Brazil nut and provide for the long-term capitalization of the Amazonian farmer. The final option is for the already capitalized investor and may become limited by pests and diseases (Andrade & Cardoso 1984, Freire & Ponte 1976) in the future.
未来的巴西坚果作为一种作物，可以有三方面：作为一个文化标的物（提取/萃取）产品;作为农林复合/森林管理的组成物种；作为单一栽培的现代种植作物。正如我说过，第一个选择，将有助于保护热带雨林和文化的许多热带森林民族，无论是印第安人和卡巴克罗。第二个选择是可取的路线，以丰富已伐林地区的植被，并为亚马孙农民提供长期的自然资源资本化支持。最后的选择是为已投资的出资人准备的，巴西坚果在未来由于害虫和疾病（安德拉德＆卡多佐说， 1984年，弗莱雷＆蓬特1976年）变得稀有。

Research contacts

MSc. Carlos H. Muller, Centro de Pesquisas Agropecuárias do Trópico Úmido - CPATU/EMBRAPA, Cx. Postal 48, 66040 Belém, Pará, Brazil.
Dr. Scott A. Mori, Institute of Economic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA.

[ 本帖最后由陆承志于 2007-11-21 17:04 编辑 ]

陆承志 · 发表于 2007-11-21 16:54

win2win4us：
你真棒！
给你加分！
现在平分功能不能用，以后吧！

win2win4us · 发表于 2007-11-21 17:04

还有个问题

翻译时觉得原文此处的数据可能有误

A seedling monoculture density of 65-100 trees/ha (10 × 15 m or 10 × 10 m)...suggest that only 1520 trees/ha are used

这里的数据65-100和1520
前后明显不一致. 期盼专业人士给出正确答案.