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1.Brown Turkey（棕色土耳其）、California Brown Turkey（加利福尼亚棕色土耳其） Synonyms Ashride Forcing, Aubicon, Aubique Noire, Black Douro, Black SanPedro, Black Spanish, Blue, Blue Burgandy, Brown Italian, Brown Naples,Brunswick, California Brown Turkey?, California Large Black, Common Blue, EarlyHowick, Eastern Brown Turkey, English Brown, Everbearing, Fluer de Red, Fleurde Rouge, Fleur Rauge, Harrison, Italian Large Blue, La Perpetuelle, LargeBlack, Lee’s Perpetual, Negro Largo, Nisse, Ramsey, San Pedro, San Pedro Black?San Piero? Texas Everbearing, Violetta Small to medium light brown to violet fruit with strawberrypulp. Turbinate to oblique, mostly without neck. Small eye which has a reddishcolor from very early stage (unlike Celeste). Cold hardy. It fruits on newgrowth if winter killed. Often bears two crops a year. Very sweet, but notrich. Midseason semi"dwarfadaptable tree produces large Brownish purple fruit with amber flesh.We"ve been growing this select gourmet variety of Brown Turkey for manyyears. Its one of our favorites! California Rare Fruit Growers, Vol. 23, No.6, December 1991:Medium-to-large, elongated fruit with brownish maroon skin. Large open eye.Fine-grained, sweet, juicy, firm, meaty flesh. Excellent for jams, canning,drying, or eating fresh. Vigorous, small tree. Prune severely. A Europeanvariety, probably introduced into U.S. from England. It is not recommended forplanting as a dried fig variety. Brown Turkey trees produce a few large brebafigs that are utilized fresh. The second crop has medium to large fruits thatare also shipped to the fresh market. The eye is fairly open and the fruit issubject to insect infestations and souring. Accession was donated. Jan-1982. California United States.Donors: University of California. Comment: Donated to NCGR, Davis. Condit Monograph Brown Turkey: (syns., according to Hogg: Ashridge Forcing,Blue, Common Blue, Blue Burgundy, Brown Italian, Brown Naples, Long Naples,Early Howick, Italian Large Blue, Lee’s Perpetual, Murrey, Small Blue, FleurRouge, Walton). Described by numerous authors, beginning with Miller (1768).Others are as follows: Hanbury (1770), Brookshaw (1812), George Lindley (1831),Rogers (1834), M’Intosh (1855), Dochnahl (1860), Thompson (1859), Hogg (1866),White (1868), G. S. (1869), Barron (1868c, 1891), Hyde (1877), Coleman (1880,1887b), Eisen (1885, 1888, 1901, probably confused), Wythes (1890a, 1900a), W.I. (1893), Wright (1895), Burnette (1894), Price and White (1902), Starnes(1903), Starnes and Monroe (1907), Ward (1904), McHatton (1909), Reimer (1910),Royal Hort. Society (1916), Potts (1917), Gould (1919), flume (1915), Cook(1925), Mowry and Weber (1925), E. A. Bunyard (1925, 1934), Arnold (1926),Fruit- Grower (1936), Ashley (1940), Woodard (1940), Beckett (1941), Anon.(1944), Condit (1947), and Preston (1951). Illustrated in color by Brookshaw,Hyde, and Coleman. Illustrated in black and white by Wythes (1900a), Price andWhite, Anon. (The Garden 63: 427, 1903), Bunyard (1934), and Beckett. According to a writer in the Gardener’s Chronicle, March 25,1843, French growers have called this fig La Perpétuelle, a name corrupted inEngland to Lee’s Perpetual. Sources of other such names have not been found. Itshould be emphasized also that the name “Brown Turkey” has been commonly usedfor two distinct varieties; one, the English Brown Turkey, and the other,California Brown Turkey. The latter is properly referred to as “San Piero.” John Rogers (1834) stated: “Miller in the fourth edition of hisDictionary just mentions the ‘long purple fig,’ though Whitmill (an eminentgardener of his day, and to whom Miller owed much for his early knowledge ofgardening), in his list or book, published in 1726, calls it ‘Whitmill’s EarlyPurple’; but which was neither more nor less than the ‘long purple’ of Miller.This little bit of vanity in Whitmill—to gain a sale for his trees, or a littlecelebrity to his name—has been too much practiced by many who were by naturehis juniors, and professionally by far his inferiors.” The Brown Turkey that was described by Miller to be “so wellknown as to need no description” is undoubtedly a European variety, introducedinto England and given a local name without reference to origin. The synonyms,Brown Naples, Long Naples, and Italian, indicate that it came from Italy, butit has not yet been identified with any variety from that country. For morethan two centuries, however, this fig has stood at the head of the list ofEnglish varieties for general cultivation, both outdoors and under glass.Coleman reported in 1880: “For forcing we have nothing to surpass, if we haveanything to equal it, as it is early, handsome, very prolific, not liable todrop, and of first-rate quality.” An anonymous writer in 1852 (see “LiteratureCited”) described a tree at Worthing, trained in the form of a wheel, itsbranches forming twelve spokes, with the over-all height fourteen feet, and thecircumference thirty feet. In 1883, J. Clarke told of a single tree of BrownTurkey covering a wall space of twenty yards “literally crowded withmagnificent and well-formed fruit.” W. I. (1893) referred to fine trees growingon the chalk cliffs of England, where the sea spray dashed over them. Morerecently, E. A. Bunyard wrote: “This is the variety most commonly grown; moreare planted, I imagine, than of all the other varieties put together, owing toits hardiness and productivity.” According to Eisen, the Brown Turkey was brought to Californiafrom Boston by W. B. West in 1853, and from England by John Rock in 1883. Ithas doubtless been introduced many other times by various nurseries. Earlyreports of the California Agricultural Experiment Station include Brown Turkeyamong the varieties being tested at the substations. Apparently, it failed tocompete successfully with other varieties, and until recently no trees were tobe found, even in collections. Introductions have been made from England underP.I. Nos. 81,676, 93,275, and 95,598. At Riverside, however, trees from theseimportations, as well as those obtained from the southern United States, are sobadly affected by the mosaic caused by Ficivir caricae Condit and Horne, thatnormal fruit has seldom been produced. (See plate 13, showing effect of mosaicon leaves.) On the other hand, trees growing in the southern and eastern statesare not at all or very little affected by mosaic. They are of a dwarf habit ofgrowth, and hardy, commonly bearing two crops. The Brown Turkey ranks withCeleste (Malta) as the most popular dooryard fig from Texas east to Florida andnorth to Maryland. The Everbearing fig of Texas, described by Close (1935), isvery similar to, if not identical with, Brown Turkey, although treated as adistinct variety by various nurseries. Harrison, briefly described by Close(1933), and Delta, or New Delta, described by two anonymous writers in 1943 and1944 (see “Literature Cited”), are also very similar to Brown Turkey. Descriptions of fruit by Eisen and some other authors are notclear, as they are probably confused with similar varieties. Confusion alsoexists in some descriptions, as indicated by the two synonyms, Large Blue andSmall Blue, with reference to size of fruit. The following description is fromspecimens grown at Riverside and Fresno, and as compiled from various Englishaccounts. Leaves small, mostly 3-lobed; upper surface dull; upper sinusesshallow and narrow; base subcordate; margins crenate. Brebas few, medium, oblique-pyriform, with thick neck that isoften curved; stalk up to 1/2 inch long, sometimes swollen toward the body ofthe fruit; ribs prominent, producing a somewhat corrugated surface; eye medium,open, scales violet-brown; color mahogany brown, tinged with violet; meatwhite, with violet tinge; pulp strawberry; flavor fairly rich; quality fair.(Plate 21, D.) Second-crop figs medium or below, turbinate or oblate, mostlywithout neck; average weight 28 grams; stalk up to 5/8 inch long, often thickand swollen at the apex; ribs present, fairly prominent, more deeply coloredthan body; eye medium, open, with violet-brown scales; white flecks large,conspicuous, scattered; color auburn to burnt umber; pulp amber to lightstrawberry, practically seedless; flavor sweet, but not rich; quality fair.(Plate 15,E.) Caprified figs violet-brown, bloom prominent; average weight 36grams pulp strawberry; quality only fair. Second crop matures over a longseason. Rogers (1834) stated that if Lee’s Perpetual—bearing fig is“cultivated as it should be—that is, in pots, under glass—it yields fruitnearly all the year round.”
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